A feed of new images for this search term http://photobucket.com/images/bishop long?filter=newest Thu, 26 Nov 2009 21:21:05 MST Photobucket feed generator en-us 60 http://s300.photobucket.com/albums/nn35/JCarpenter_01/?action=view&current=bishoplong.jpg JCarpenter_01 <p><a href="http://s300.photobucket.com/albums/nn35/JCarpenter_01/?action=view&current=bishoplong.jpg" title="bishoplong.jpg"><img src="http://th300.photobucket.com/albums/nn35/JCarpenter_01/th_bishoplong.jpg" alt="bishoplong.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Long - bishoplong.jpg</p><p>promo</p> http://i300.photobucket.com/albums/nn35/JCarpenter_01/bishoplong.jpg Bishop Long promo Mon, 11 May 2009 16:44:56 MDT http://s301.photobucket.com/albums/nn60/Tbrown923/?action=view&current=Bishopeddielong.jpg Tbrown923 <p><a href="http://s301.photobucket.com/albums/nn60/Tbrown923/?action=view&current=Bishopeddielong.jpg" title="Bishopeddielong.jpg"><img src="http://th301.photobucket.com/albums/nn60/Tbrown923/th_Bishopeddielong.jpg" alt="Bishopeddielong.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie Long - Bishopeddielong.jpg</p> http://i301.photobucket.com/albums/nn60/Tbrown923/Bishopeddielong.jpg Bishop Eddie Long Mon, 11 May 2009 15:14:56 MDT http://s268.photobucket.com/albums/jj34/lailac2008/?action=view&current=BishopLong.jpg lailac2008 <p><a href="http://s268.photobucket.com/albums/jj34/lailac2008/?action=view&current=BishopLong.jpg" title="BishopLong.jpg"><img src="http://th268.photobucket.com/albums/jj34/lailac2008/th_BishopLong.jpg" alt="BishopLong.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie Long - BishopLong.jpg</p> http://i268.photobucket.com/albums/jj34/lailac2008/BishopLong.jpg Bishop Eddie Long Mon, 11 May 2009 10:54:00 MDT http://s12.photobucket.com/albums/a216/2Cute4Wordz/?action=view&current=BishopE.jpg 2Cute4Wordz <p><a href="http://s12.photobucket.com/albums/a216/2Cute4Wordz/?action=view&current=BishopE.jpg" title="BishopE.jpg"><img src="http://th12.photobucket.com/albums/a216/2Cute4Wordz/th_BishopE.jpg" alt="BishopE.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop long and I - BishopE.jpg</p> http://i12.photobucket.com/albums/a216/2Cute4Wordz/BishopE.jpg Bishop long and I Fri, 8 May 2009 12:21:22 MDT http://s195.photobucket.com/albums/z219/raymuss/?action=view&current=e3ffcaac.jpg raymuss <p><a href="http://s195.photobucket.com/albums/z219/raymuss/?action=view&current=e3ffcaac.jpg" title="e3ffcaac.jpg"><img src="http://th195.photobucket.com/albums/z219/raymuss/th_e3ffcaac.jpg" alt="e3ffcaac.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie Long - e3ffcaac.jpg</p> http://i195.photobucket.com/albums/z219/raymuss/e3ffcaac.jpg Bishop Eddie Long Sun, 10 May 2009 17:07:49 MDT http://s163.photobucket.com/albums/t283/melissalewis77/?action=view&current=BishopEddieLong.jpg melissalewis77 <p><a href="http://s163.photobucket.com/albums/t283/melissalewis77/?action=view&current=BishopEddieLong.jpg" title="BishopEddieLong.jpg"><img src="http://th163.photobucket.com/albums/t283/melissalewis77/th_BishopEddieLong.jpg" alt="BishopEddieLong.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie Long - BishopEddieLong.jpg</p> http://i163.photobucket.com/albums/t283/melissalewis77/BishopEddieLong.jpg Bishop Eddie Long Sat, 9 May 2009 18:12:17 MDT http://s133.photobucket.com/albums/q77/1SADIRA/?action=view&current=BishopEddieLong.jpg 1SADIRA <p><a href="http://s133.photobucket.com/albums/q77/1SADIRA/?action=view&current=BishopEddieLong.jpg" title="BishopEddieLong.jpg"><img src="http://th133.photobucket.com/albums/q77/1SADIRA/th_BishopEddieLong.jpg" alt="BishopEddieLong.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie Long - BishopEddieLong.jpg</p> http://i133.photobucket.com/albums/q77/1SADIRA/BishopEddieLong.jpg Bishop Eddie Long Sun, 10 May 2009 16:32:30 MDT http://s133.photobucket.com/albums/q56/divo407/?action=view&current=bishopLong.jpg divo407 <p><a href="http://s133.photobucket.com/albums/q56/divo407/?action=view&current=bishopLong.jpg" title="bishopLong.jpg"><img src="http://th133.photobucket.com/albums/q56/divo407/th_bishopLong.jpg" alt="bishopLong.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie Long - bishopLong.jpg</p> http://i133.photobucket.com/albums/q56/divo407/bishopLong.jpg Bishop Eddie Long Sun, 10 May 2009 15:28:23 MDT http://s222.photobucket.com/albums/dd41/Richard2110/?action=view&current=Long.jpg Richard2110 <p><a href="http://s222.photobucket.com/albums/dd41/Richard2110/?action=view&current=Long.jpg" title="Long.jpg"><img src="http://th222.photobucket.com/albums/dd41/Richard2110/th_Long.jpg" alt="Long.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie L Long - Long.jpg</p> http://i222.photobucket.com/albums/dd41/Richard2110/Long.jpg Bishop Eddie L Long Sun, 10 May 2009 22:09:11 MDT http://s236.photobucket.com/albums/ff116/mymellod/?action=view&current=BishopLongMe.jpg mymellod <p><a href="http://s236.photobucket.com/albums/ff116/mymellod/?action=view&current=BishopLongMe.jpg" title="BishopLongMe.jpg"><img src="http://th236.photobucket.com/albums/ff116/mymellod/th_BishopLongMe.jpg" alt="BishopLongMe.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Long amp Me - BishopLongMe.jpg</p> http://i236.photobucket.com/albums/ff116/mymellod/BishopLongMe.jpg Bishop Long amp Me Mon, 11 May 2009 00:23:14 MDT http://s260.photobucket.com/albums/ii23/womanofpayer/?action=view&current=Singles_EddieLong.jpg womanofpayer <p><a href="http://s260.photobucket.com/albums/ii23/womanofpayer/?action=view&current=Singles_EddieLong.jpg" title="Singles_EddieLong.jpg"><img src="http://th260.photobucket.com/albums/ii23/womanofpayer/th_Singles_EddieLong.jpg" alt="Singles_EddieLong.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie Long - Singles_EddieLong.jpg</p> http://i260.photobucket.com/albums/ii23/womanofpayer/Singles_EddieLong.jpg Bishop Eddie Long Tue, 12 May 2009 15:41:28 MDT http://s420.photobucket.com/albums/pp290/terenaw_78/our%20wedding/?action=view&current=2.jpg terenaw_78 <p><a href="http://s420.photobucket.com/albums/pp290/terenaw_78/our%20wedding/?action=view&current=2.jpg" title="2.jpg"><img src="http://th420.photobucket.com/albums/pp290/terenaw_78/our%20wedding/th_2.jpg" alt="2.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Long the officiator - 2.jpg</p> http://i420.photobucket.com/albums/pp290/terenaw_78/our%20wedding/2.jpg Bishop Long the officiator Mon, 11 May 2009 14:32:09 MDT http://s295.photobucket.com/albums/mm147/G0dsFavr/?action=view&current=930640400208_0_SM.jpg G0dsFavr <p><a href="http://s295.photobucket.com/albums/mm147/G0dsFavr/?action=view&current=930640400208_0_SM.jpg" title="930640400208_0_SM.jpg"><img src="http://th295.photobucket.com/albums/mm147/G0dsFavr/th_930640400208_0_SM.jpg" alt="930640400208_0_SM.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Long - 930640400208_0_SM.jpg</p> http://i295.photobucket.com/albums/mm147/G0dsFavr/930640400208_0_SM.jpg Bishop Long Mon, 11 May 2009 08:51:51 MDT http://s165.photobucket.com/albums/u62/mauid512/?action=view&current=0x0_659914.jpg mauid512 <p><a href="http://s165.photobucket.com/albums/u62/mauid512/?action=view&current=0x0_659914.jpg" title="0x0_659914.jpg"><img src="http://th165.photobucket.com/albums/u62/mauid512/th_0x0_659914.jpg" alt="0x0_659914.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop James Long - 0x0_659914.jpg</p> http://i165.photobucket.com/albums/u62/mauid512/0x0_659914.jpg Bishop James Long Mon, 11 May 2009 04:40:07 MDT http://s197.photobucket.com/albums/aa226/tommymiranda/?action=view&current=DSC00921.jpg tommymiranda <p><a href="http://s197.photobucket.com/albums/aa226/tommymiranda/?action=view&current=DSC00921.jpg" title="DSC00921.jpg"><img src="http://th197.photobucket.com/albums/aa226/tommymiranda/th_DSC00921.jpg" alt="DSC00921.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Long amp Tommy - DSC00921.jpg</p> http://i197.photobucket.com/albums/aa226/tommymiranda/DSC00921.jpg Bishop Long amp Tommy Sun, 10 May 2009 20:25:34 MDT http://s105.photobucket.com/albums/m215/revice/?action=view&current=img0951.jpg revice <p><a href="http://s105.photobucket.com/albums/m215/revice/?action=view&current=img0951.jpg" title="img0951.jpg"><img src="http://th105.photobucket.com/albums/m215/revice/th_img0951.jpg" alt="img0951.jpg" /></a><br>Me amp Bishop Eddie Long - img0951.jpg</p> http://i105.photobucket.com/albums/m215/revice/img0951.jpg Me amp Bishop Eddie Long Sun, 10 May 2009 11:29:23 MDT http://s352.photobucket.com/albums/r348/nicolefarmer-bucket/?action=view&current=Picturefall2005.jpg nicolefarmer-bucket <p><a href="http://s352.photobucket.com/albums/r348/nicolefarmer-bucket/?action=view&current=Picturefall2005.jpg" title="Picturefall2005.jpg"><img src="http://th352.photobucket.com/albums/r348/nicolefarmer-bucket/th_Picturefall2005.jpg" alt="Picturefall2005.jpg" /></a><br>Castles amp Crowns Bubble Bishop long - Picturefall2005.jpg</p> http://i352.photobucket.com/albums/r348/nicolefarmer-bucket/Picturefall2005.jpg Castles amp Crowns Bubble Bishop long Sun, 10 May 2009 17:30:02 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RISHOPRIFLE12.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RISHOPRIFLE12.jpg" title="RISHOPRIFLE12.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RISHOPRIFLE12.jpg" alt="RISHOPRIFLE12.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RISHOPRIFLE12.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RISHOPRIFLE12.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE9.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE9.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE9.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE9.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE9.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE9.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE9.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE8.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE8.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE8.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE8.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE8.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE8.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE8.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE6.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE6.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE6.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE6.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE6.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE6.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE6.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE4.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE4.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE4.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE4.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE4.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE4.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE4.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE2.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE2.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE2.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE2.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE2.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE2.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE2.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE14.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE14.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE14.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE14.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE14.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE14.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE14.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE13.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE13.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE13.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE13.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE13.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE13.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE13.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE11.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE11.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE11.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE11.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE11.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE11.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE11.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE10.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE10.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE10.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE10.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE10.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE10.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE10.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE1.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE1.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE1.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE1.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE1.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE1.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE1.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE7.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE7.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE7.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE7.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE7.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE7.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE7.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE5.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE5.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE5.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE5.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE5.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE5.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE5.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE3.jpg ALRLIBRARY <p><a href="http://s708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/?action=view&current=RBISHOPRIFLE3.jpg" title="RBISHOPRIFLE3.jpg"><img src="http://th708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/th_RBISHOPRIFLE3.jpg" alt="RBISHOPRIFLE3.jpg" /></a><br>Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 - RBISHOPRIFLE3.jpg</p> http://i708.photobucket.com/albums/ww81/ALRLIBRARY/LONG%20RIFLE/Bishop%20Robert/RBISHOPRIFLE3.jpg Robert Bishop Illinois 0902081 Wed, 13 May 2009 10:43:42 MDT http://s651.photobucket.com/albums/uu235/spiritsspeak9/?action=view&current=BobbyMackeys072.jpg spiritsspeak9 <p><a href="http://s651.photobucket.com/albums/uu235/spiritsspeak9/?action=view&current=BobbyMackeys072.jpg" title="BobbyMackeys072.jpg"><img src="http://th651.photobucket.com/albums/uu235/spiritsspeak9/th_BobbyMackeys072.jpg" alt="BobbyMackeys072.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop James Long amp I at Hellsgate - BobbyMackeys072.jpg</p> http://i651.photobucket.com/albums/uu235/spiritsspeak9/BobbyMackeys072.jpg Bishop James Long amp I at Hellsgate Wed, 13 May 2009 20:00:44 MDT http://s278.photobucket.com/albums/kk81/kandi3315/?action=view&current=100_0633.jpg kandi3315 <p><a href="http://s278.photobucket.com/albums/kk81/kandi3315/?action=view&current=100_0633.jpg" title="100_0633.jpg"><img src="http://th278.photobucket.com/albums/kk81/kandi3315/th_100_0633.jpg" alt="100_0633.jpg" /></a><br>BISHOP EDDIE LONG MT ZION - 100_0633.jpg</p> http://i278.photobucket.com/albums/kk81/kandi3315/100_0633.jpg BISHOP EDDIE LONG MT ZION Mon, 11 May 2009 10:10:32 MDT http://s527.photobucket.com/albums/cc354/apostlebixby/?action=view&current=mso6E176.jpg apostlebixby <p><a href="http://s527.photobucket.com/albums/cc354/apostlebixby/?action=view&current=mso6E176.jpg" title="mso6E176.jpg"><img src="http://th527.photobucket.com/albums/cc354/apostlebixby/th_mso6E176.jpg" alt="mso6E176.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie Long amp Apostle Jonathan Bixby - mso6E176.jpg</p> http://i527.photobucket.com/albums/cc354/apostlebixby/mso6E176.jpg Bishop Eddie Long amp Apostle Jonathan Bixby Sun, 10 May 2009 20:53:10 MDT http://s884.photobucket.com/albums/ac48/ahebdon/?action=view&current=DSC01610.jpg ahebdon <p><a href="http://s884.photobucket.com/albums/ac48/ahebdon/?action=view&current=DSC01610.jpg" title="DSC01610.jpg"><img src="http://th884.photobucket.com/albums/ac48/ahebdon/th_DSC01610.jpg" alt="DSC01610.jpg" /></a><br>DSC01610.jpg</p><p>Putting daddy asleep after a long day of being Bishop</p> http://i884.photobucket.com/albums/ac48/ahebdon/DSC01610.jpg DSC01610.jpg Putting daddy asleep after a long day of being Bishop Mon, 19 Oct 2009 15:56:18 MDT http://s220.photobucket.com/albums/dd193/rsampson1911/?action=view&current=RodneySampsonandEddieLong.jpg rsampson1911 <p><a href="http://s220.photobucket.com/albums/dd193/rsampson1911/?action=view&current=RodneySampsonandEddieLong.jpg" title="RodneySampsonandEddieLong.jpg"><img src="http://th220.photobucket.com/albums/dd193/rsampson1911/th_RodneySampsonandEddieLong.jpg" alt="RodneySampsonandEddieLong.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie Long and Dr Rodney Sampson in deep thought - RodneySampsonandEddieLong.jpg</p> http://i220.photobucket.com/albums/dd193/rsampson1911/RodneySampsonandEddieLong.jpg Bishop Eddie Long and Dr Rodney Sampson in deep thought Sun, 10 May 2009 22:11:33 MDT http://s295.photobucket.com/albums/mm128/NHS1988/?action=view&current=DSC00101.jpg NHS1988 <p><a href="http://s295.photobucket.com/albums/mm128/NHS1988/?action=view&current=DSC00101.jpg" title="DSC00101.jpg"><img src="http://th295.photobucket.com/albums/mm128/NHS1988/th_DSC00101.jpg" alt="DSC00101.jpg" /></a><br>Premiere Night - DSC00101.jpg</p><p>Jan Bishop Hyman and Elizabeth Livingston Long</p> http://i295.photobucket.com/albums/mm128/NHS1988/DSC00101.jpg Premiere Night Jan Bishop Hyman and Elizabeth Livingston Long Mon, 11 May 2009 11:10:17 MDT http://s233.photobucket.com/albums/ee58/Flyboy_Ritz/?action=view&current=PICT0074-1.jpg Flyboy_Ritz <p><a href="http://s233.photobucket.com/albums/ee58/Flyboy_Ritz/?action=view&current=PICT0074-1.jpg" title="PICT0074-1.jpg"><img src="http://th233.photobucket.com/albums/ee58/Flyboy_Ritz/th_PICT0074-1.jpg" alt="PICT0074-1.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Eddie Long preaches at Destiny Conference - PICT0074-1.jpg</p> http://i233.photobucket.com/albums/ee58/Flyboy_Ritz/PICT0074-1.jpg Bishop Eddie Long preaches at Destiny Conference Sun, 10 May 2009 23:58:30 MDT http://s84.photobucket.com/albums/k38/vansim/?action=view&current=BishopandRhonda.jpg vansim <p><a href="http://s84.photobucket.com/albums/k38/vansim/?action=view&current=BishopandRhonda.jpg" title="BishopandRhonda.jpg"><img src="http://th84.photobucket.com/albums/k38/vansim/th_BishopandRhonda.jpg" alt="BishopandRhonda.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Long and Rhonda - BishopandRhonda.jpg</p><p>Intimate reception at the Omni in Ft Worth</p> http://i84.photobucket.com/albums/k38/vansim/BishopandRhonda.jpg Bishop Long and Rhonda Intimate reception at the Omni in Ft Worth Fri, 3 Jul 2009 17:41:06 MDT http://s22.photobucket.com/albums/b315/ahershdorfer/Bishop%202008-09/?action=view&current=MoreweddingsMurtishawHaysBishopV-23.jpg ahershdorfer <p><a href="http://s22.photobucket.com/albums/b315/ahershdorfer/Bishop%202008-09/?action=view&current=MoreweddingsMurtishawHaysBishopV-23.jpg" title="MoreweddingsMurtishawHaysBishopV-23.jpg"><img src="http://th22.photobucket.com/albums/b315/ahershdorfer/Bishop%202008-09/th_MoreweddingsMurtishawHaysBishopV-23.jpg" alt="MoreweddingsMurtishawHaysBishopV-23.jpg" /></a><br>Stripped to my long johns - MoreweddingsMurtishawHaysBishopV-23.jpg</p> http://i22.photobucket.com/albums/b315/ahershdorfer/Bishop%202008-09/MoreweddingsMurtishawHaysBishopV-23.jpg Stripped to my long johns Sun, 10 May 2009 04:32:30 MDT http://s84.photobucket.com/albums/k38/vansim/?action=view&current=BishopandTheSimpsons-Montrell.jpg vansim <p><a href="http://s84.photobucket.com/albums/k38/vansim/?action=view&current=BishopandTheSimpsons-Montrell.jpg" title="BishopandTheSimpsons-Montrell.jpg"><img src="http://th84.photobucket.com/albums/k38/vansim/th_BishopandTheSimpsons-Montrell.jpg" alt="BishopandTheSimpsons-Montrell.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Long and the Simpsons - BishopandTheSimpsons-Montrell.jpg</p><p>Bishop Long looking at pic of us when we were in Atlanta</p> http://i84.photobucket.com/albums/k38/vansim/BishopandTheSimpsons-Montrell.jpg Bishop Long and the Simpsons Bishop Long looking at pic of us when we were in Atlanta Fri, 3 Jul 2009 17:40:14 MDT http://s427.photobucket.com/albums/pp352/C00P88/Bishop%20Castle%20March%202008/?action=view&current=100_0796.jpg C00P88 <p><a href="http://s427.photobucket.com/albums/pp352/C00P88/Bishop%20Castle%20March%202008/?action=view&current=100_0796.jpg" title="100_0796.jpg"><img src="http://th427.photobucket.com/albums/pp352/C00P88/Bishop%20Castle%20March%202008/th_100_0796.jpg" alt="100_0796.jpg" /></a><br>Bishop Castle - 100_0796.jpg</p><p>It's a long way down The wind was blowing hard enough to shake the platform</p> http://i427.photobucket.com/albums/pp352/C00P88/Bishop%20Castle%20March%202008/100_0796.jpg Bishop Castle It's a long way down The wind was blowing hard enough to shake the platform Mon, 11 May 2009 15:50:36 MDT http://s253.photobucket.com/albums/hh66/Tymeka7/?action=view&current=BishopCD.jpg Tymeka7 <p><a href="http://s253.photobucket.com/albums/hh66/Tymeka7/?action=view&current=BishopCD.jpg" title="BishopCD.jpg"><img src="http://th253.photobucket.com/albums/hh66/Tymeka7/th_BishopCD.jpg" alt="BishopCD.jpg" /></a><br>It Won't Be Long Now - BishopCD.jpg</p><p>Bishop preached under the Holy Ghost and set the order of the Kingdom</p> http://i253.photobucket.com/albums/hh66/Tymeka7/BishopCD.jpg It Won't Be Long Now Bishop preached under the Holy Ghost and set the order of the Kingdom Mon, 11 May 2009 00:43:04 MDT http://s518.photobucket.com/albums/u342/1TMP/?action=view&current=l_e15e1a863e9f1ff0da00fa648e774fe3.jpg 1TMP <p><a href="http://s518.photobucket.com/albums/u342/1TMP/?action=view&current=l_e15e1a863e9f1ff0da00fa648e774fe3.jpg" title="l_e15e1a863e9f1ff0da00fa648e774fe3.jpg"><img src="http://th518.photobucket.com/albums/u342/1TMP/th_l_e15e1a863e9f1ff0da00fa648e774fe3.jpg" alt="l_e15e1a863e9f1ff0da00fa648e774fe3.jpg" /></a><br>My Bishop Screvens and his lovely wife and myself and my lovely husband after a long service1 - l_e15e1a863e9f1ff0da00fa648e774fe3.jpg</p> http://i518.photobucket.com/albums/u342/1TMP/l_e15e1a863e9f1ff0da00fa648e774fe3.jpg My Bishop Screvens and his lovely wife and myself and my lovely husband after a long service1 Mon, 11 May 2009 03:42:48 MDT http://s38.photobucket.com/albums/e112/karaipantsu/Long%20Island/?action=view&current=IMG_0192.jpg karaipantsu <p><a href="http://s38.photobucket.com/albums/e112/karaipantsu/Long%20Island/?action=view&current=IMG_0192.jpg" title="IMG_0192.jpg"><img src="http://th38.photobucket.com/albums/e112/karaipantsu/Long%20Island/th_IMG_0192.jpg" alt="IMG_0192.jpg" /></a><br>IMG_0192.jpg</p><p>Datamancer's Arch Bishop piece Very sexy stained glass</p> http://i38.photobucket.com/albums/e112/karaipantsu/Long%20Island/IMG_0192.jpg IMG_0192.jpg Datamancer's Arch Bishop piece Very sexy stained glass Sun, 10 May 2009 11:45:57 MDT http://s632.photobucket.com/albums/uu45/chrisarm01/puppy%20pics/?action=view&current=bishop-mommy.jpg chrisarm01 <p><a href="http://s632.photobucket.com/albums/uu45/chrisarm01/puppy%20pics/?action=view&current=bishop-mommy.jpg" title="bishop-mommy.jpg"><img src="http://th632.photobucket.com/albums/uu45/chrisarm01/puppy%20pics/th_bishop-mommy.jpg" alt="bishop-mommy.jpg" /></a><br>on the way home from Maryland damn long drive - bishop-mommy.jpg</p> http://i632.photobucket.com/albums/uu45/chrisarm01/puppy%20pics/bishop-mommy.jpg on the way home from Maryland damn long drive Tue, 12 May 2009 10:31:37 MDT http://s524.photobucket.com/albums/cc322/4Christ_bucket/?action=view&current=Bishopeddielong.jpg 4Christ_bucket <p><a href="http://s524.photobucket.com/albums/cc322/4Christ_bucket/?action=view&current=Bishopeddielong.jpg" title="Bishopeddielong.jpg"><img src="http://th524.photobucket.com/albums/cc322/4Christ_bucket/th_Bishopeddielong.jpg" alt="Bishopeddielong.jpg" /></a><br>BISHOP EDDIE L LONG POWERFUL MAN OF GOD AND ANOINTED INDEED WOW - Bishopeddielong.jpg</p> http://i524.photobucket.com/albums/cc322/4Christ_bucket/Bishopeddielong.jpg BISHOP EDDIE L LONG POWERFUL MAN OF GOD AND ANOINTED INDEED WOW Sun, 10 May 2009 20:51:59 MDT http://s110.photobucket.com/albums/n119/fr0st_xD/Eurotrip%202007/10%20June%202007/?action=view&current=DSC00494.jpg fr0st_xD <p><a href="http://s110.photobucket.com/albums/n119/fr0st_xD/Eurotrip%202007/10%20June%202007/?action=view&current=DSC00494.jpg" title="DSC00494.jpg"><img src="http://th110.photobucket.com/albums/n119/fr0st_xD/Eurotrip%202007/10%20June%202007/th_DSC00494.jpg" alt="DSC00494.jpg" /></a><br>its rare that teh bishop celebrates teh mass so there's a lot of people not to mention a long parade too - DSC00494.jpg</p> http://i110.photobucket.com/albums/n119/fr0st_xD/Eurotrip%202007/10%20June%202007/DSC00494.jpg its rare that teh bishop celebrates teh mass so there's a lot of people not to mention a long parade too Sun, 10 May 2009 10:41:41 MDT http://s231.photobucket.com/albums/ee240/thechambergroup/2009%20Essence%20Music%20Festival/?action=view&current=88775616_JN_8371_22EFC2DC73B018ADED.jpg thechambergroup <p><a href="http://s231.photobucket.com/albums/ee240/thechambergroup/2009%20Essence%20Music%20Festival/?action=view&current=88775616_JN_8371_22EFC2DC73B018ADED.jpg" title="88775616_JN_8371_22EFC2DC73B018ADED.jpg"><img src="http://th231.photobucket.com/albums/ee240/thechambergroup/2009%20Essence%20Music%20Festival/th_88775616_JN_8371_22EFC2DC73B018ADED.jpg" alt="88775616_JN_8371_22EFC2DC73B018ADED.jpg" /></a><br>2009 Essence Music Festival - 88775616_JN_8371_22EFC2DC73B018ADED.jpg</p><p>Bishop Eddie Long on stage at the TD Jakes Tribute 7709</p> http://i231.photobucket.com/albums/ee240/thechambergroup/2009%20Essence%20Music%20Festival/88775616_JN_8371_22EFC2DC73B018ADED.jpg 2009 Essence Music Festival Bishop Eddie Long on stage at the TD Jakes Tribute 7709 Tue, 7 Jul 2009 10:58:33 MDT http://s231.photobucket.com/albums/ee240/thechambergroup/2009%20Essence%20Music%20Festival/?action=view&current=88775616_JN_8216_D6ED5EA9355E3326C0.jpg thechambergroup <p><a href="http://s231.photobucket.com/albums/ee240/thechambergroup/2009%20Essence%20Music%20Festival/?action=view&current=88775616_JN_8216_D6ED5EA9355E3326C0.jpg" title="88775616_JN_8216_D6ED5EA9355E3326C0.jpg"><img src="http://th231.photobucket.com/albums/ee240/thechambergroup/2009%20Essence%20Music%20Festival/th_88775616_JN_8216_D6ED5EA9355E3326C0.jpg" alt="88775616_JN_8216_D6ED5EA9355E3326C0.jpg" /></a><br>2009 Essence Music Festival - 88775616_JN_8216_D6ED5EA9355E3326C0.jpg</p><p>Smokie Norful and Bishop Eddie Long back stage at the TD Jakes Tribute 7709</p> http://i231.photobucket.com/albums/ee240/thechambergroup/2009%20Essence%20Music%20Festival/88775616_JN_8216_D6ED5EA9355E3326C0.jpg 2009 Essence Music Festival Smokie Norful and Bishop Eddie Long back stage at the TD Jakes Tribute 7709 Tue, 7 Jul 2009 10:57:28 MDT http://s413.photobucket.com/albums/pp212/RufusTheStuntBum/North%20Lake%20Piute%20Pass/?action=view&current=Sierras001.jpg RufusTheStuntBum <p><a href="http://s413.photobucket.com/albums/pp212/RufusTheStuntBum/North%20Lake%20Piute%20Pass/?action=view&current=Sierras001.jpg" title="Sierras001.jpg"><img src="http://th413.photobucket.com/albums/pp212/RufusTheStuntBum/North%20Lake%20Piute%20Pass/th_Sierras001.jpg" alt="Sierras001.jpg" /></a><br>Long Way Home - Sierras001.jpg</p><p>Sign outside of Bishop CA along Old Hwy 395</p> http://i413.photobucket.com/albums/pp212/RufusTheStuntBum/North%20Lake%20Piute%20Pass/Sierras001.jpg Long Way Home Sign outside of Bishop CA along Old Hwy 395 Mon, 11 May 2009 14:59:25 MDT http://s19.photobucket.com/albums/b152/seattleraven/England1106Heather/?action=view&current=Picture4062.jpg seattleraven <p><a href="http://s19.photobucket.com/albums/b152/seattleraven/England1106Heather/?action=view&current=Picture4062.jpg" title="Picture4062.jpg"><img src="http://th19.photobucket.com/albums/b152/seattleraven/England1106Heather/th_Picture4062.jpg" alt="Picture4062.jpg" /></a><br>Swan at bishop's Palace in Wells Long ago they were taught to ring a bell for food They're taught their own offspring for generations since - Picture4062.jpg</p> http://i19.photobucket.com/albums/b152/seattleraven/England1106Heather/Picture4062.jpg Swan at bishop's Palace in Wells Long ago they were taught to ring a bell for food They're taught their own offspring for generations since Mon, 8 Jun 2009 16:34:19 MDT http://s234.photobucket.com/albums/ee117/pleton/Num%2015%20%20%20%201-12-08%20Trier%20the%20oldest%20city%20in%20Germany/?action=view&current=PICT0092_edited.jpg pleton <p><a href="http://s234.photobucket.com/albums/ee117/pleton/Num%2015%20%20%20%201-12-08%20Trier%20the%20oldest%20city%20in%20Germany/?action=view&current=PICT0092_edited.jpg" title="PICT0092_edited.jpg"><img src="http://th234.photobucket.com/albums/ee117/pleton/Num%2015%20%20%20%201-12-08%20Trier%20the%20oldest%20city%20in%20Germany/th_PICT0092_edited.jpg" alt="PICT0092_edited.jpg" /></a><br>The Dom Cathedral - PICT0092_edited.jpg</p><p>The Dom bishop's church and the adjoining church have been here for a very long time It is said that the robe of Christ is in a special chapel is showed only very infrequently</p> http://i234.photobucket.com/albums/ee117/pleton/Num%2015%20%20%20%201-12-08%20Trier%20the%20oldest%20city%20in%20Germany/PICT0092_edited.jpg The Dom Cathedral The Dom bishop's church and the adjoining church have been here for a very long time It is said that the robe of Christ is in a special chapel is showed only very infrequently Sun, 10 May 2009 23:37:35 MDT http://s196.photobucket.com/albums/aa23/holymusic55/Blessed%20Virgin%20Mary/Our%20Lady%20of%20LaSalette/?action=view&current=May251852thefirststoneoftheShrineof.jpg holymusic55 <p><a href="http://s196.photobucket.com/albums/aa23/holymusic55/Blessed%20Virgin%20Mary/Our%20Lady%20of%20LaSalette/?action=view&current=May251852thefirststoneoftheShrineof.jpg" title="May251852thefirststoneoftheShrineof.jpg"><img src="http://th196.photobucket.com/albums/aa23/holymusic55/Blessed%20Virgin%20Mary/Our%20Lady%20of%20LaSalette/th_May251852thefirststoneoftheShrineof.jpg" alt="May251852thefirststoneoftheShrineof.jpg" /></a><br>May 25 1852 the first stone of the Shrine of LaSalette was blessed by Bishop de Bruillard who ascended quothis dear mountainquot at 86 years old on horseback in the rain along with whole parishes in long processions - May251852thefirststoneoftheShrineof.jpg</p> http://i196.photobucket.com/albums/aa23/holymusic55/Blessed%20Virgin%20Mary/Our%20Lady%20of%20LaSalette/May251852thefirststoneoftheShrineof.jpg May 25 1852 the first stone of the Shrine of LaSalette was blessed by Bishop de Bruillard who ascended quothis dear mountainquot at 86 years old on horseback in the rain along with whole parishes in long processions Sun, 10 May 2009 20:46:10 MDT http://s582.photobucket.com/albums/ss268/NavisLamia/?action=view&current=Rappelz___Graphical_Error_by_Namida.jpg NavisLamia <p><a href="http://s582.photobucket.com/albums/ss268/NavisLamia/?action=view&current=Rappelz___Graphical_Error_by_Namida.jpg" title="Rappelz___Graphical_Error_by_Namida.jpg"><img src="http://th582.photobucket.com/albums/ss268/NavisLamia/th_Rappelz___Graphical_Error_by_Namida.jpg" alt="Rappelz___Graphical_Error_by_Namida.jpg" /></a><br>Rappelz Graphical Error - Rappelz___Graphical_Error_by_Namida.jpg</p><p>I have yet to hear anyone else complain that this happens to them I've gone through three computers and it's all the sameAfter Epic 5 came out I began noticing that some places in Rappelz Entire Laksy Area Rondo town and surrounding area Veil Island Parts of Katan and Horizon and even Lost mines Dungeon always completely crashed the computer complaining about graphical errors and such When I updated the DirectX stuff and all that for visual stuff I got the areas to work as long as they don't surpase a certain memory point As a result now Areas will have similiar graphical errors that show these things like the gray lines aboveI'm think because the System Requirements became higher for the game as I don't have a real graphics card The beta testing didn't have this problem but the live epic 5 didNamida 83 bishop GLaDOS 92 Red PixieArea Veil IslandServer Salamander</p> http://i582.photobucket.com/albums/ss268/NavisLamia/Rappelz___Graphical_Error_by_Namida.jpg Rappelz Graphical Error I have yet to hear anyone else complain that this happens to them I've gone through three computers and it's all the sameAfter Epic 5 came out I began noticing that some places in Rappelz Entire Laksy Area Rondo town and surrounding area Veil Island Parts of Katan and Horizon and even Lost mines Dungeon always completely crashed the computer complaining about graphical errors and such When I updated the DirectX stuff and all that for visual stuff I got the areas to work as long as they don't surpase a certain memory point As a result now Areas will have similiar graphical errors that show these things like the gray lines aboveI'm think because the System Requirements became higher for the game as I don't have a real graphics card The beta testing didn't have this problem but the live epic 5 didNamida 83 bishop GLaDOS 92 Red PixieArea Veil IslandServer Salamander Thu, 21 May 2009 20:41:02 MDT http://s428.photobucket.com/albums/qq2/Germangirl_010/Trier/?action=view&current=Bild1484.jpg Germangirl_010 <p><a href="http://s428.photobucket.com/albums/qq2/Germangirl_010/Trier/?action=view&current=Bild1484.jpg" title="Bild1484.jpg"><img src="http://th428.photobucket.com/albums/qq2/Germangirl_010/Trier/th_Bild1484.jpg" alt="Bild1484.jpg" /></a><br>The Cathedral of Trier - Bild1484.jpg</p><p>The present Cathedral stands on top of a former Constantinian Palace After Constantine's last visit to Trier in AD 3289 the palace was leveled in 330 and replaced by the largest Christian church in Antiquity about four times as big as the presentday church and covering the area of the Cathedral and the Church of Our Lady the Cathedral Square the adjoining garden and the houses almost up to the marketToday's Cathedral still contains a Roman central section with the original walls rising up to a height of 26 m 86 ft The huge fragment of a granite column next to the entrance to the Cathedral is another indication of the Roman origin of the building After destructions in the 5th and 9th centuries the remaining nucleus was enlarged by Romanesque additions today the Cathedral with its three crypts its cloister Cathedral Treasury and Holy Robe Chapel displays architecture and artwork from more than 1650 years The south part of the Roman double church was torn down around 1200 and completely replaced by the Early Gothic Church of Our Lady Liebfrauen Nothing above the surface is Roman any more but there are extensive excavations not open to the public underneath the church and several of the Gothic pillars stand on top of Roman column foundations The medieval church however was no longer a long threeaisled structure but a churchintheround whose crossshaped vaulting with four corresponding portals in rounded niches was completed by eight rounded altar niches so that the floor plan resembles a twelvepetaled rose a symbol of the Virgin Mary the rosa mystica and reminiscent of the twelve tribes of Israel and the Twelve Apostles The apostles as well as the twelve articles of the Apostle's Creed are painted on the twelve supporting columns completely visible only from one spot marked by a black stone The intriguing optics are matched by splendid acousticsOn the way out the visitor passes stone masons' marks and graffiti from seven centuries the elaborate west portal the Bishop's Palace the Kesselstatt Palace and the gate marking the end of the Cathedral Close</p> http://i428.photobucket.com/albums/qq2/Germangirl_010/Trier/Bild1484.jpg The Cathedral of Trier The present Cathedral stands on top of a former Constantinian Palace After Constantine's last visit to Trier in AD 3289 the palace was leveled in 330 and replaced by the largest Christian church in Antiquity about four times as big as the presentday church and covering the area of the Cathedral and the Church of Our Lady the Cathedral Square the adjoining garden and the houses almost up to the marketToday's Cathedral still contains a Roman central section with the original walls rising up to a height of 26 m 86 ft The huge fragment of a granite column next to the entrance to the Cathedral is another indication of the Roman origin of the building After destructions in the 5th and 9th centuries the remaining nucleus was enlarged by Romanesque additions today the Cathedral with its three crypts its cloister Cathedral Treasury and Holy Robe Chapel displays architecture and artwork from more than 1650 years The south part of the Roman double church was torn down around 1200 and completely replaced by the Early Gothic Church of Our Lady Liebfrauen Nothing above the surface is Roman any more but there are extensive excavations not open to the public underneath the church and several of the Gothic pillars stand on top of Roman column foundations The medieval church however was no longer a long threeaisled structure but a churchintheround whose crossshaped vaulting with four corresponding portals in rounded niches was completed by eight rounded altar niches so that the floor plan resembles a twelvepetaled rose a symbol of the Virgin Mary the rosa mystica and reminiscent of the twelve tribes of Israel and the Twelve Apostles The apostles as well as the twelve articles of the Apostle's Creed are painted on the twelve supporting columns completely visible only from one spot marked by a black stone The intriguing optics are matched by splendid acousticsOn the way out the visitor passes stone masons' marks and graffiti from seven centuries the elaborate west portal the Bishop's Palace the Kesselstatt Palace and the gate marking the end of the Cathedral Close Mon, 11 May 2009 15:09:55 MDT http://s428.photobucket.com/albums/qq2/Germangirl_010/Churches/?action=view&current=Bild1484.jpg Germangirl_010 <p><a href="http://s428.photobucket.com/albums/qq2/Germangirl_010/Churches/?action=view&current=Bild1484.jpg" title="Bild1484.jpg"><img src="http://th428.photobucket.com/albums/qq2/Germangirl_010/Churches/th_Bild1484.jpg" alt="Bild1484.jpg" /></a><br>The Dom Cathedral - Bild1484.jpg</p><p>The present Cathedral stands on top of a former Constantinian Palace After Constantine's last visit to Trier in AD 3289 the palace was leveled in 330 and replaced by the largest Christian church in Antiquity about four times as big as the presentday church and covering the area of the Cathedral and the Church of Our Lady the Cathedral Square the adjoining garden and the houses almost up to the marketToday's Cathedral still contains a Roman central section with the original walls rising up to a height of 26 m 86 ft The huge fragment of a granite column next to the entrance to the Cathedral is another indication of the Roman origin of the building After destructions in the 5th and 9th centuries the remaining nucleus was enlarged by Romanesque additions today the Cathedral with its three crypts its cloister Cathedral Treasury and Holy Robe Chapel displays architecture and artwork from more than 1650 years The south part of the Roman double church was torn down around 1200 and completely replaced by the Early Gothic Church of Our Lady Liebfrauen Nothing above the surface is Roman any more but there are extensive excavations not open to the public underneath the church and several of the Gothic pillars stand on top of Roman column foundations The medieval church however was no longer a long threeaisled structure but a churchintheround whose crossshaped vaulting with four corresponding portals in rounded niches was completed by eight rounded altar niches so that the floor plan resembles a twelvepetaled rose a symbol of the Virgin Mary the rosa mystica and reminiscent of the twelve tribes of Israel and the Twelve Apostles The apostles as well as the twelve articles of the Apostle's Creed are painted on the twelve supporting columns completely visible only from one spot marked by a black stone The intriguing optics are matched by splendid acousticsOn the way out the visitor passes stone masons' marks and graffiti from seven centuries the elaborate west portal the Bishop's Palace the Kesselstatt Palace and the gate marking the end of the Cathedral Close</p> http://i428.photobucket.com/albums/qq2/Germangirl_010/Churches/Bild1484.jpg The Dom Cathedral The present Cathedral stands on top of a former Constantinian Palace After Constantine's last visit to Trier in AD 3289 the palace was leveled in 330 and replaced by the largest Christian church in Antiquity about four times as big as the presentday church and covering the area of the Cathedral and the Church of Our Lady the Cathedral Square the adjoining garden and the houses almost up to the marketToday's Cathedral still contains a Roman central section with the original walls rising up to a height of 26 m 86 ft The huge fragment of a granite column next to the entrance to the Cathedral is another indication of the Roman origin of the building After destructions in the 5th and 9th centuries the remaining nucleus was enlarged by Romanesque additions today the Cathedral with its three crypts its cloister Cathedral Treasury and Holy Robe Chapel displays architecture and artwork from more than 1650 years The south part of the Roman double church was torn down around 1200 and completely replaced by the Early Gothic Church of Our Lady Liebfrauen Nothing above the surface is Roman any more but there are extensive excavations not open to the public underneath the church and several of the Gothic pillars stand on top of Roman column foundations The medieval church however was no longer a long threeaisled structure but a churchintheround whose crossshaped vaulting with four corresponding portals in rounded niches was completed by eight rounded altar niches so that the floor plan resembles a twelvepetaled rose a symbol of the Virgin Mary the rosa mystica and reminiscent of the twelve tribes of Israel and the Twelve Apostles The apostles as well as the twelve articles of the Apostle's Creed are painted on the twelve supporting columns completely visible only from one spot marked by a black stone The intriguing optics are matched by splendid acousticsOn the way out the visitor passes stone masons' marks and graffiti from seven centuries the elaborate west portal the Bishop's Palace the Kesselstatt Palace and the gate marking the end of the Cathedral Close Mon, 11 May 2009 15:08:55 MDT http://s263.photobucket.com/albums/ii124/sugarshorts2u/Castles%20%20Palaces%20%20Fortress%20%20Forts%20%20Mansions/?action=view&current=LutskHighCastleUkraine.jpg sugarshorts2u <p><a href="http://s263.photobucket.com/albums/ii124/sugarshorts2u/Castles%20%20Palaces%20%20Fortress%20%20Forts%20%20Mansions/?action=view&current=LutskHighCastleUkraine.jpg" title="LutskHighCastleUkraine.jpg"><img src="http://th263.photobucket.com/albums/ii124/sugarshorts2u/Castles%20%20Palaces%20%20Fortress%20%20Forts%20%20Mansions/th_LutskHighCastleUkraine.jpg" alt="LutskHighCastleUkraine.jpg" /></a><br>Lutsk High Castle Ukraine - LutskHighCastleUkraine.jpg</p><p>Lutsk High Castle also known as Lubart's Castle began its life in the mid14th century as the fortified seat of Gedymin's son Lubart the last ruler of united GaliciaVolhynia It is the most prominent landmark of Lutsk Ukraine and as such appears on the hryvnia bill Another city castle built by the Czartoryski family starting from the 14th century is now a ruinThe Kievan town of Luchesk had a wooden wall as early as 1075 when Boleslaw the Brave laid siege to it for six months Yury Dolgoruky failed to take Lutsk after a sixweeks siege in 1149 In 1255 the walls of Lutsk were stormed by Jochi's grandson KuremsaThe current castle towering over the Styr River was built mostly in the 1340s although some parts of the earlier walls were used It repelled sieges by numerous potentates including Casimir the Great 1349 Jogaila 1431 and Sigismund Kstutaitis 1436 It was there that the Lutsk Conference of 1429 took place attended by Emperor Sigismund Jogaila Vytautas the Great and the voivode of WallachiaDuring the long reign of Vytautas Lutsk Castle was further fortified to guard against artillery and gunfire The principal entrance now bricked in was from the west and adjoined a bridge over outer moat Three main towers named after Lubart vitrigaila and the Bishop were built up in the course of the 16th and 17th centuriesThe walls of the castle formerly enclosed St John's Cathedral the residence of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and an episcopal palace Of these buildings only the Neoclassical palace of the bishops still standsOn July 2 1941 1160 Jews were murdered within the walls of the castle</p> http://i263.photobucket.com/albums/ii124/sugarshorts2u/Castles%20%20Palaces%20%20Fortress%20%20Forts%20%20Mansions/LutskHighCastleUkraine.jpg Lutsk High Castle Ukraine Lutsk High Castle also known as Lubart's Castle began its life in the mid14th century as the fortified seat of Gedymin's son Lubart the last ruler of united GaliciaVolhynia It is the most prominent landmark of Lutsk Ukraine and as such appears on the hryvnia bill Another city castle built by the Czartoryski family starting from the 14th century is now a ruinThe Kievan town of Luchesk had a wooden wall as early as 1075 when Boleslaw the Brave laid siege to it for six months Yury Dolgoruky failed to take Lutsk after a sixweeks siege in 1149 In 1255 the walls of Lutsk were stormed by Jochi's grandson KuremsaThe current castle towering over the Styr River was built mostly in the 1340s although some parts of the earlier walls were used It repelled sieges by numerous potentates including Casimir the Great 1349 Jogaila 1431 and Sigismund Kstutaitis 1436 It was there that the Lutsk Conference of 1429 took place attended by Emperor Sigismund Jogaila Vytautas the Great and the voivode of WallachiaDuring the long reign of Vytautas Lutsk Castle was further fortified to guard against artillery and gunfire The principal entrance now bricked in was from the west and adjoined a bridge over outer moat Three main towers named after Lubart vitrigaila and the Bishop were built up in the course of the 16th and 17th centuriesThe walls of the castle formerly enclosed St John's Cathedral the residence of the Grand Duke of Lithuania and an episcopal palace Of these buildings only the Neoclassical palace of the bishops still standsOn July 2 1941 1160 Jews were murdered within the walls of the castle Mon, 2 Nov 2009 05:13:19 MST http://s301.photobucket.com/albums/nn57/CrossSabre/?action=view&current=beam_katana.jpg CrossSabre <p><a href="http://s301.photobucket.com/albums/nn57/CrossSabre/?action=view&current=beam_katana.jpg" title="beam_katana.jpg"><img src="http://th301.photobucket.com/albums/nn57/CrossSabre/th_beam_katana.jpg" alt="beam_katana.jpg" /></a><br>Beam Katana - beam_katana.jpg</p><p>weapons from No More Heroes</p> http://i301.photobucket.com/albums/nn57/CrossSabre/beam_katana.jpg Beam Katana weapons from No More Heroes Mon, 11 May 2009 16:58:15 MDT http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker316.jpg StacyJamesFry <p><a href="http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker316.jpg" title="Flicker316.jpg"><img src="http://th375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/th_Flicker316.jpg" alt="Flicker316.jpg" /></a><br>Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker316.jpg</p><p>Diego de Landa Caldern 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn De Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya people after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked dilligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions Image of the page from Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which de Landa describes his Maya alphabet which was to prove instrumental in the mid20th C breakthrough in Maya hieroglyphics deciphermentHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Mayans who continued to practise idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books de Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Mayan idols were burntDescribing his own actions later de Landa wrote thatWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much afflictionOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics aka a codex and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codicesDe Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally de Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationDe Landa defended his actions by arguing that in the process of rooting out idolatory he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice One of the alleged victims Mani encomendero Dasbats was even found later to be aliveDe Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate de Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved de Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint de Landa as the fourthappointed Bishop of YucatnDe Landa also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system De Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by de Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the mid20th century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as de Landa and others had originally supposed but was largely rather syllabarybased one Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of MayanistsHis initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn</p> http://i375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/Flicker316.jpg Mani Diego de Landa Diego de Landa Caldern 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn De Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya people after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked dilligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions Image of the page from Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which de Landa describes his Maya alphabet which was to prove instrumental in the mid20th C breakthrough in Maya hieroglyphics deciphermentHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Mayans who continued to practise idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books de Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Mayan idols were burntDescribing his own actions later de Landa wrote thatWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much afflictionOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics aka a codex and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codicesDe Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally de Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationDe Landa defended his actions by arguing that in the process of rooting out idolatory he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice One of the alleged victims Mani encomendero Dasbats was even found later to be aliveDe Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate de Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved de Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint de Landa as the fourthappointed Bishop of YucatnDe Landa also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system De Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by de Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the mid20th century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as de Landa and others had originally supposed but was largely rather syllabarybased one Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of MayanistsHis initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:01 MDT http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker317.jpg StacyJamesFry <p><a href="http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker317.jpg" title="Flicker317.jpg"><img src="http://th375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/th_Flicker317.jpg" alt="Flicker317.jpg" /></a><br>Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker317.jpg</p><p>Diego de Landa Caldern 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn De Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya people after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked dilligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions Image of the page from Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which de Landa describes his Maya alphabet which was to prove instrumental in the mid20th C breakthrough in Maya hieroglyphics deciphermentHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Mayans who continued to practise idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books de Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Mayan idols were burntDescribing his own actions later de Landa wrote thatWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much afflictionOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics aka a codex and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codicesDe Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally de Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationDe Landa defended his actions by arguing that in the process of rooting out idolatory he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice One of the alleged victims Mani encomendero Dasbats was even found later to be aliveDe Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate de Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved de Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint de Landa as the fourthappointed Bishop of YucatnDe Landa also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system De Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by de Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the mid20th century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as de Landa and others had originally supposed but was largely rather syllabarybased one Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of MayanistsHis initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn</p> http://i375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/Flicker317.jpg Mani Diego de Landa Diego de Landa Caldern 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn De Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya people after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked dilligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions Image of the page from Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which de Landa describes his Maya alphabet which was to prove instrumental in the mid20th C breakthrough in Maya hieroglyphics deciphermentHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Mayans who continued to practise idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books de Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Mayan idols were burntDescribing his own actions later de Landa wrote thatWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much afflictionOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics aka a codex and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codicesDe Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally de Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationDe Landa defended his actions by arguing that in the process of rooting out idolatory he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice One of the alleged victims Mani encomendero Dasbats was even found later to be aliveDe Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate de Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved de Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint de Landa as the fourthappointed Bishop of YucatnDe Landa also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system De Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by de Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the mid20th century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as de Landa and others had originally supposed but was largely rather syllabarybased one Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of MayanistsHis initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:01 MDT http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker319.jpg StacyJamesFry <p><a href="http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker319.jpg" title="Flicker319.jpg"><img src="http://th375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/th_Flicker319.jpg" alt="Flicker319.jpg" /></a><br>Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker319.jpg</p><p>Diego de Landa Caldern 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn De Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya people after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked dilligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions Image of the page from Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which de Landa describes his Maya alphabet which was to prove instrumental in the mid20th C breakthrough in Maya hieroglyphics deciphermentHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Mayans who continued to practise idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books de Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Mayan idols were burntDescribing his own actions later de Landa wrote thatWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much afflictionOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics aka a codex and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codicesDe Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally de Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationDe Landa defended his actions by arguing that in the process of rooting out idolatory he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice One of the alleged victims Mani encomendero Dasbats was even found later to be aliveDe Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate de Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved de Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint de Landa as the fourthappointed Bishop of YucatnDe Landa also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system De Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by de Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the mid20th century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as de Landa and others had originally supposed but was largely rather syllabarybased one Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of MayanistsHis initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn</p> http://i375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/Flicker319.jpg Mani Diego de Landa Diego de Landa Caldern 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn De Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya people after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked dilligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions Image of the page from Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which de Landa describes his Maya alphabet which was to prove instrumental in the mid20th C breakthrough in Maya hieroglyphics deciphermentHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Mayans who continued to practise idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books de Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Mayan idols were burntDescribing his own actions later de Landa wrote thatWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much afflictionOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics aka a codex and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codicesDe Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally de Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationDe Landa defended his actions by arguing that in the process of rooting out idolatory he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice One of the alleged victims Mani encomendero Dasbats was even found later to be aliveDe Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate de Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved de Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint de Landa as the fourthappointed Bishop of YucatnDe Landa also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system De Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by de Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the mid20th century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as de Landa and others had originally supposed but was largely rather syllabarybased one Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of MayanistsHis initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:01 MDT http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker320.jpg StacyJamesFry <p><a href="http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker320.jpg" title="Flicker320.jpg"><img src="http://th375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/th_Flicker320.jpg" alt="Flicker320.jpg" /></a><br>Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker320.jpg</p><p>Diego de Landa Caldern 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn De Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya people after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked dilligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions Image of the page from Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which de Landa describes his Maya alphabet which was to prove instrumental in the mid20th C breakthrough in Maya hieroglyphics deciphermentHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Mayans who continued to practise idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books de Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Mayan idols were burntDescribing his own actions later de Landa wrote thatWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much afflictionOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics aka a codex and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codicesDe Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally de Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationDe Landa defended his actions by arguing that in the process of rooting out idolatory he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice One of the alleged victims Mani encomendero Dasbats was even found later to be aliveDe Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate de Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved de Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint de Landa as the fourthappointed Bishop of YucatnDe Landa also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system De Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by de Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the mid20th century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as de Landa and others had originally supposed but was largely rather syllabarybased one Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of MayanistsHis initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn</p> http://i375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/Flicker320.jpg Mani Diego de Landa Diego de Landa Caldern 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn De Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya people after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked dilligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions Image of the page from Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which de Landa describes his Maya alphabet which was to prove instrumental in the mid20th C breakthrough in Maya hieroglyphics deciphermentHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Mayans who continued to practise idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books de Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Mayan idols were burntDescribing his own actions later de Landa wrote thatWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much afflictionOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics aka a codex and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codicesDe Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally de Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationDe Landa defended his actions by arguing that in the process of rooting out idolatory he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice One of the alleged victims Mani encomendero Dasbats was even found later to be aliveDe Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate de Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved de Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint de Landa as the fourthappointed Bishop of YucatnDe Landa also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system De Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by de Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the mid20th century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as de Landa and others had originally supposed but was largely rather syllabarybased one Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of MayanistsHis initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:01 MDT http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker321.jpg StacyJamesFry <p><a href="http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker321.jpg" title="Flicker321.jpg"><img src="http://th375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/th_Flicker321.jpg" alt="Flicker321.jpg" /></a><br>Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker321.jpg</p><p>Diego de Landa Caldern 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn De Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya people after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked dilligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions Image of the page from Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which de Landa describes his Maya alphabet which was to prove instrumental in the mid20th C breakthrough in Maya hieroglyphics deciphermentHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Mayans who continued to practise idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books de Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Mayan idols were burntDescribing his own actions later de Landa wrote thatWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much afflictionOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics aka a codex and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codicesDe Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally de Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationDe Landa defended his actions by arguing that in the process of rooting out idolatory he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice One of the alleged victims Mani encomendero Dasbats was even found later to be aliveDe Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate de Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved de Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint de Landa as the fourthappointed Bishop of YucatnDe Landa also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system De Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by de Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the mid20th century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as de Landa and others had originally supposed but was largely rather syllabarybased one Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of MayanistsHis initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn</p> http://i375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/Flicker321.jpg Mani Diego de Landa Diego de Landa Caldern 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn De Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya people after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked dilligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions Image of the page from Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which de Landa describes his Maya alphabet which was to prove instrumental in the mid20th C breakthrough in Maya hieroglyphics deciphermentHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the 19th century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Mayans who continued to practise idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books de Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Mayan idols were burntDescribing his own actions later de Landa wrote thatWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much afflictionOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics aka a codex and fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codicesDe Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally de Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationDe Landa defended his actions by arguing that in the process of rooting out idolatory he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice One of the alleged victims Mani encomendero Dasbats was even found later to be aliveDe Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate de Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved de Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint de Landa as the fourthappointed Bishop of YucatnDe Landa also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system De Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by de Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the mid20th century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as de Landa and others had originally supposed but was largely rather syllabarybased one Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorosov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of MayanistsHis initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:01 MDT http://s288.photobucket.com/albums/ll198/standalone83/?action=view&current=Flicker296.jpg standalone83 <p><a href="http://s288.photobucket.com/albums/ll198/standalone83/?action=view&current=Flicker296.jpg" title="Flicker296.jpg"><img src="http://th288.photobucket.com/albums/ll198/standalone83/th_Flicker296.jpg" alt="Flicker296.jpg" /></a><br>Diego de Landa - Flicker296.jpg</p><p>Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn He is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas Only three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogation Some contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogation Scholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen ways Landa claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5 Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them more Landa was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has said We found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9 Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the Spaniards Landa himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much sooner Many historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14 Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it editConsecrated as bishop Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists</p> http://i288.photobucket.com/albums/ll198/standalone83/Flicker296.jpg Diego de Landa Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn He is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas Only three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogation Some contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogation Scholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen ways Landa claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5 Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them more Landa was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has said We found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9 Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the Spaniards Landa himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much sooner Many historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14 Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it editConsecrated as bishop Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists Mon, 11 May 2009 12:59:52 MDT http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker296.jpg StacyJamesFry <p><a href="http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker296.jpg" title="Flicker296.jpg"><img src="http://th375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/th_Flicker296.jpg" alt="Flicker296.jpg" /></a><br>Diego de Landa - Flicker296.jpg</p><p>Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogation Scholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in iteditConsecrated as bishopLanda was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists</p> http://i375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/Flicker296.jpg Diego de Landa Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogation Scholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in iteditConsecrated as bishopLanda was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:00 MDT http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker297.jpg StacyJamesFry <p><a href="http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker297.jpg" title="Flicker297.jpg"><img src="http://th375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/th_Flicker297.jpg" alt="Flicker297.jpg" /></a><br>Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker297.jpg</p><p>Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa Suppression of the MayaAfter hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationeditLandas JustificationsScholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists</p> http://i375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/Flicker297.jpg Mani Diego de Landa Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa Suppression of the MayaAfter hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationeditLandas JustificationsScholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:00 MDT http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker298.jpg StacyJamesFry <p><a href="http://s375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/?action=view&current=Flicker298.jpg" title="Flicker298.jpg"><img src="http://th375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/th_Flicker298.jpg" alt="Flicker298.jpg" /></a><br>Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker298.jpg</p><p>Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa Suppression of the MayaAfter hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationeditLandas JustificationsScholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists</p> http://i375.photobucket.com/albums/oo196/StacyJamesFry/Flicker298.jpg Mani Diego de Landa Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa Suppression of the MayaAfter hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationeditLandas JustificationsScholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:00 MDT http://s162.photobucket.com/albums/t259/ShukketsuMizuMegami/Anime%20Girls/Regular/?action=view&current=AnimeGirl-Takai.jpg ShukketsuMizuMegami <p><a href="http://s162.photobucket.com/albums/t259/ShukketsuMizuMegami/Anime%20Girls/Regular/?action=view&current=AnimeGirl-Takai.jpg" title="AnimeGirl-Takai.jpg"><img src="http://th162.photobucket.com/albums/t259/ShukketsuMizuMegami/Anime%20Girls/Regular/th_AnimeGirl-Takai.jpg" alt="AnimeGirl-Takai.jpg" /></a><br>Anime girl White sliver hair with orange eyes - AnimeGirl-Takai.jpg</p> http://i162.photobucket.com/albums/t259/ShukketsuMizuMegami/Anime%20Girls/Regular/AnimeGirl-Takai.jpg Anime girl White sliver hair with orange eyes Sat, 9 May 2009 17:47:55 MDT http://s197.photobucket.com/albums/aa78/looking4good/?action=view&current=Helena_Christensen_0012700012.jpg looking4good <p><a href="http://s197.photobucket.com/albums/aa78/looking4good/?action=view&current=Helena_Christensen_0012700012.jpg" title="Helena_Christensen_0012700012.jpg"><img 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