New black monopoly images on Photobucket

Payday A form of Monopoly money is used so real Ameican dollars don't get on the black market in foreign areas

KylePix — Tue, 3 Nov 2009 13:56:06 MST

Payday A form of Monopoly money is used so real Ameican dollars don't get on the black market in foreign areas - 091002-4758Payday.jpg

Monopoly

ngaticuzzy — Sat, 13 Jun 2009 03:41:26 MDT

Monopoly - all_black_monopoly_2-1.jpg

Monopoly

FreshKola — Mon, 31 Aug 2009 05:21:17 MDT

Monopoly - Monopoly.png

Black Monopoly Ent CookOut

blackmonopoly1 — Mon, 11 May 2009 15:41:35 MDT

Black Monopoly Ent CookOut - cookout1.jpg

MBB amp Black Monopoly Ent

blackmonopoly1 — Mon, 11 May 2009 15:41:35 MDT

MBB amp Black Monopoly Ent - CopyofBMMBB.jpg

Monopoly shoes

yuesum — Mon, 11 May 2009 14:45:40 MDT

Monopoly shoes - monopolyshoes.jpg

black and white

Monopoly and a black eye yay

LexieRainbow — Mon, 11 May 2009 16:15:11 MDT

Monopoly and a black eye yay - MONOPLY-vi.jpg

Funny

tikigirl46 — Mon, 11 May 2009 17:23:05 MDT

Funny - ducks-1.jpg

In Herbelzheim in the Black Forrest we discovered Monopoly

dmanahan — Sat, 9 May 2009 12:29:47 MDT

In Herbelzheim in the Black Forrest we discovered Monopoly - DSC00615.jpg

BLACK GOLD by Mac Love

LoveFamilyArt — Fri, 23 Oct 2009 14:56:33 MDT

BLACK GOLD by Mac Love - PICT0004.jpg

2' x 4' Enamel on Monopoly board assembled with gasoline canister and a black rose against an enamel board

CCHS Post Prom decoreset up

Amaya-night_rain — Mon, 11 May 2009 11:41:32 MDT

CCHS Post Prom decoreset up - 394164-R1-14-15A_015.jpg

This is half of the cafeteria where it was held Here you can see the gambling we played with Monopoly money game stations set up for entertainment I played Black Jack for an entire hour strait

Toddler Flips off Bush via MichellMalkinIsAnIdiot

GreyHawk121 — Sat, 9 May 2009 12:42:38 MDT

Toddler Flips off Bush via MichellMalkinIsAnIdiot - KidFlipsOffBush-MMalIsAnIdiot.jpg

Hard Gay

burn816 — Mon, 11 May 2009 00:54:50 MDT

Hard Gay - Hard_Gay_The_Television.jpg

HOOOOOOO

Diego de Landa

StacyJamesFry — Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:00 MDT

Diego de Landa - Flicker296.jpg

Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogation Scholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in iteditConsecrated as bishopLanda was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists

Mani Diego de Landa

StacyJamesFry — Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:00 MDT

Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker297.jpg

Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa Suppression of the MayaAfter hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationeditLandas JustificationsScholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists

Mani Diego de Landa

StacyJamesFry — Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:00 MDT

Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker298.jpg

Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa Suppression of the MayaAfter hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationeditLandas JustificationsScholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists

Diego de Landa

standalone83 — Mon, 11 May 2009 12:59:52 MDT

Diego de Landa - Flicker296.jpg

Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in Yucatn He is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the Americas Only three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogation Some contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogation Scholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen ways Landa claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5 Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them more Landa was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has said We found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9 Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the Spaniards Landa himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much sooner Many historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14 Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it editConsecrated as bishop Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists

Manbearpig

Rebeloneil — Sat, 9 May 2009 20:51:29 MDT

Manbearpig - ManBearPig.jpg

beer pack

letmebeyoung — Mon, 11 May 2009 01:26:26 MDT

beer pack - six-pack-abs.jpg

jonas jonas

bautistavivian — Mon, 11 May 2009 15:38:33 MDT

jonas jonas - Joe_03.jpg