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Babylonian_World_Mapm.jpg

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1 The Babylonian map of the worldBM 92687 Babylonian map of the world in the British Museum London It is the earliest extant map The clay tablet is 122 cms tall The map was composed in Babylonia and is the only Babylonian map drawn on an international scale It is a NeoBabylonian Persian Period circa 500 BCE copy of an original dating to the Sargonid Period circa late eighth or seventh century BCE The clay tablet is a drawing and textual description of the Babylonian cosmos It is oriented to the northwest It is uncertain whether the accompanying cuneiform text was composed together with the map It is the only known map of the world dating from the NeoBabylonian Period All other maps have a purely local focusIt depicts a bird'seye view of the world and shows a flat round world with the city of Babylon in the centre Circa 500 BCE Babylon was still a flourishing city and regarded as the centre ie the hub of the world In the third millennium BCE Nippur was considered to be the city at the centre of the world It is likely that the Sumerians made the city of Nippur the centre of the universe a Sumerian Rome from about 2300 BCE just prior to the Ur III Period Political supremacy was regarded as conditional on the possession of Nippur With the rise to political supremacy of the Babylonian kings from the early 2ndmillennium onwards it was possible for Babylon to claim the central position and replace Nippur as the centre of the universeThe map depicts the world as two concentric circles with triangular areas radiating from the outer circle The area within the inner circle represents the central continent where Babylon and Assyria are located The area between the two circles is the earthly cosmic ocean The area beyond the outer circle consists of the triangular areas which are the uncharted regions The continent on the map contains various geometric shapes representing places and topographic features The place names include the countries of Assyria indicated northeast of Babylon Urartu Armenia indicated north of Assyria the land of Habban South Yemen indicated southwest of Babylon and the city of Babylon The topographic features include a mountain a swamp and a channel The mountains are located at the top in the north Babylon is represented by a large rectangle encompassing almost half the width of the central continent Assyria is represented as a small oval Various nameless places are also indicated by ovals The Euphrates River which originates in the mountains at the top of the map runs through Babylon and flows into the marshes at the bottom of the map The continent is surrounded by the circle of salty ocean The map schematically portrays the entire kingdom of Babylonia The text contains the names of countries and cities but on the reverse side the text is largely concerned with a description of the seven unnamed outer regions islands which are depicted in the form of equal triangles rising beyond the encircling earthly cosmic oceanThe text on both sides of the tablet shows that the map attempts to depict the entire world The emphasis on distant places in the text accompanying the map indicates that the likely purpose of the map was to locate and describe distant regions The text of the reverse of the tablet describe the seven islands in detail From the paucity of the information given it is evident that the Babylonians knew little about these islands Mostly the description given is mostly about their various degrees of brightness From the text on the reverse of the tablet and the inscriptions on the map itself it can be determined that the first island lay in the southeast the second island lay in the southwest and so on so that the sequence of the islands is somewhat analogous with the hands of a modern clock The descriptions of the first and second outer regions are not preservedOther textual sources describe he earthly ocean as being enclosed by a double range of mountains those to the east and those to the west the sunrise and sunset range respectivelyThe map has a definite orientation it is inclined The orientation is such that that the northwest is at the top Thus the Babylonian system of orientation did not follow the perpendicular plane north west south and east of our Western cardinal points The Babylonian system of orientation was based upon the prevalent winds The northwest wind was sent from the goddess Ishtar and was a favourable wind For a detailed early discussion of the Babylonian world map see From Cosmos Picture to the World Map by Eckhard Unger Imago Mundi Volume 2 1937 Pages 17 2 The levels of the Babylonian universeThe vertical levels of the generalised Mesopotamian universe are indicated asRegion Above the Heaven of Anu See The Etana Epic Section B 3043 Open space implied by The Etana EpicUpper Heaven High Heaven of Anu Highest Region of the UniverseMiddle Heaven Intermediate High Heaven of IgigiLower Heaven of the Visible Sky Stars Planets Sun and MoonThe Atmosphere Either not specifically listed not considered a separate level of the universe or identified as Part of Visible Sky Lower Heaven or Separate Geographical Level Upper Earth Humankind The Level of the Earth's Surface Dry Land and SeaMiddle Earth Apsu of Ea EnkiEa Cosmic Subterranean WaterLower Earth Underworld of Nergal King and Erekigal Queen Realm of the Dead Lowest Region of the UniverseThe existing accounts of Mesopotamian cosmology are rather limited Unfortunately they are also conflicting For a detailed discussion of Mesopotamian cosmology including the Babylonian world map see Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography by Wayne Horowitz 1998Copyright 20062008 by Gary D Thompson httpwwwmembersoptusnetcomaugtosirispage1111html

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