New native sacred images on Photobucket

sacred buffalo

mystic45 — Mon, 2 Nov 2009 08:00:10 MST

sacred buffalo - 5309180pCRDoSHafU_ph.jpg

sacred bond

tallcoolglass63 — Mon, 11 May 2009 15:05:41 MDT

sacred bond - sacredbond.jpg

Sacred Love

onebridge07 — Mon, 11 May 2009 06:58:49 MDT

Sacred Love - -sacredlovedawning.jpg

native

babygirl_dj_2000 — Sun, 10 May 2009 12:08:31 MDT

native - 7-sacred-ground.gif

Sacred Hoop

EquuSpirit — Mon, 11 May 2009 14:41:11 MDT

Sacred Hoop - Beautifuldreamcatchernativeamerican.gif

Sacred Dreamer

KaiFayette — Sun, 10 May 2009 22:49:50 MDT

Sacred Dreamer - SacredDreamer.jpg

Sacred Hunters 1024

syn1976 — Sun, 10 May 2009 17:15:15 MDT

Sacred Hunters 1024 - 6bcd.jpg

SACRED BUFFALLO

JR007 — Sat, 9 May 2009 13:06:59 MDT

SACRED BUFFALLO - WHITETATANKA.jpg

Sacred PipeNA

Gypsy48 — Mon, 11 May 2009 00:13:31 MDT

Sacred PipeNA - SacredPipeBar.gif

sacred bundle

ravenstarfeather — Sat, 9 May 2009 19:25:32 MDT

sacred bundle - sacredbundle.jpg

native american

11rain53 — Sun, 10 May 2009 11:39:30 MDT

native american - 9037Sacred-Chief-Posters.jpg

Warriors of the Sacred Hoop

meemerz_2008 — Mon, 11 May 2009 18:18:29 MDT

Warriors of the Sacred Hoop - Warriors_of_the_Sacred_Hoop.jpg

SacredNA

Gypsy48 — Tue, 22 Sep 2009 22:53:07 MDT

SacredNA - sacred-1.jpg

SACRED EAGLE

Halbreed — Thu, 16 Jul 2009 10:34:05 MDT

SACRED EAGLE - native_american_-1.jpg

NATIVE AMERICAN PICS

whitefeather_01 — Sat, 9 May 2009 22:38:43 MDT

NATIVE AMERICAN PICS - Gift_of_the_Sacred_Pipe.jpg

Snow Rider

gypsywitch23 — Sat, 9 May 2009 10:22:11 MDT

Snow Rider - SnowRider.jpg

Spring's Messenger

gypsywitch23 — Sat, 9 May 2009 10:22:11 MDT

Spring's Messenger - SpringsMessenger.jpg

Buffalo Caller

gypsywitch23 — Sat, 9 May 2009 10:22:11 MDT

Buffalo Caller - BuffaloCaller.jpg

The Cheyenne Prophet

gypsywitch23 — Sat, 9 May 2009 10:22:11 MDT

The Cheyenne Prophet - TheCheyenneProphet.jpg

Thunderbird

gypsywitch23 — Sat, 9 May 2009 10:22:11 MDT

Thunderbird - Thunderbird.jpg

talking stick native

19971 — Sat, 9 May 2009 21:01:30 MDT

talking stick native - talkingstick.jpg

Sacred Hoop Dance

ENVEPhotography — Sat, 22 Aug 2009 07:33:07 MDT

Sacred Hoop Dance - IMG_7046.jpg

Sacred Hoop Dance

ENVEPhotography — Sat, 22 Aug 2009 07:33:05 MDT

Sacred Hoop Dance - IMG_7050.jpg

White Buffalo Sacred to some Native Americans

DellaRamsey — Sat, 8 Aug 2009 21:38:34 MDT

White Buffalo Sacred to some Native Americans - 232.jpg

NATIVE AMERICAN

barbhobo2 — Sun, 10 May 2009 17:35:12 MDT

NATIVE AMERICAN - indian-cheyenne.jpg

Sacred Directions

meemerz_2008 — Mon, 11 May 2009 18:18:29 MDT

Sacred Directions - SacredDirections.jpg

Sacred Geometry

gmh180 — Sat, 9 May 2009 10:43:58 MDT

Sacred Geometry - SacredGeometry.jpg

JESUS AND NATIVE AMERICAN PRAYER

goodthingfromtheking — Sun, 10 May 2009 17:30:34 MDT

JESUS AND NATIVE AMERICAN PRAYER - JesusandNativeAmericanindiangoingto.jpg

Journey of Harmony

gypsywitch23 — Sat, 9 May 2009 10:22:11 MDT

Journey of Harmony - JourneyofHarmony.jpg

Camp of the Sacred Dog

gypsywitch23 — Sat, 9 May 2009 10:21:52 MDT

Camp of the Sacred Dog - CampoftheSacredDog.jpg

A sacred site for Native Americans Blue Spring Heritage Center

kencapc — Sat, 9 May 2009 20:09:17 MDT

A sacred site for Native Americans Blue Spring Heritage Center - APTD029.jpg

A sacred site for Native Americans Blue Spring Heritage Center

kencapc — Sat, 9 May 2009 20:09:17 MDT

A sacred site for Native Americans Blue Spring Heritage Center - APTD039.jpg

Native Am Sacred Heart 500 pc puzz

jeansmama2007 — Mon, 11 May 2009 00:58:56 MDT

Native Am Sacred Heart 500 pc puzz - img308.jpg

free Spirit

Nanihwaya — Tue, 1 Sep 2009 11:16:03 MDT

free Spirit - Free_Spirittaintedwolf.jpg

Sacred Spirit of the Native Americans

Sacred Ground

Magik_Moonmyst — Mon, 11 May 2009 04:22:44 MDT

Sacred Ground - indan.jpg

This rock is sacred to the native people

tini_ag — Sun, 10 May 2009 22:31:42 MDT

This rock is sacred to the native people - 8af1.jpg

019_16.jpg

tdietz1 — Sun, 10 May 2009 16:54:18 MDT

019_16.jpg

ONI Rock in San Diego Native Sacred Rock

album_13094200_user7610185-1.jpg

Ravenwaulf — Wed, 13 May 2009 14:53:54 MDT

album_13094200_user7610185-1.jpg

Native American with sacred smoking pipe and wolf

Native Childrens Survival

Tamme57 — Sat, 9 May 2009 19:18:17 MDT

Native Childrens Survival - NCS_CD-cover-home.jpg

Bear WarriorNative American

Gypsy48 — Tue, 25 Aug 2009 16:41:03 MDT

Bear WarriorNative American - 3570482-2-bear-warrior-greeting-car.jpg

Sacred Sprit Chants amp Dances of The Native Americans

malaysia57 — Wed, 1 Jul 2009 00:44:11 MDT

Sacred Sprit Chants amp Dances of The Native Americans - SacredSpirit-ChantsDancesOfTheNativ.jpg

Save Bear Butte Sacred Mountain

Tamme57 — Sat, 9 May 2009 19:18:17 MDT

Save Bear Butte Sacred Mountain - sacredsites.jpg

South Dakota is trying to pass a bill that would allow the sell of alcohol on sacred grounds that have been blessed used for centuries

Defacement of native americans' sacred i mean national monument mt rushmore

Skyi5281 — Fri, 8 May 2009 14:28:25 MDT

Defacement of native americans' sacred i mean national monument mt rushmore - DSC01301.jpg

Native American Reading

rev_vesta — Mon, 11 May 2009 16:44:08 MDT

Native American Reading - Dec14_21.jpg

With Sacred Path Cards on Dinning Room Table

big one

shay_baby93 — Sun, 10 May 2009 11:52:11 MDT

big one - Native_American_Woman_Smudging.jpg

American Indian

Dionne_74 — Mon, 11 May 2009 10:01:13 MDT

American Indian - nativeamericanpaintings1.jpg

Native American Peace Pipe

AngelLovePM — Sun, 10 May 2009 23:56:05 MDT

Native American Peace Pipe - teepee-peace-pipe.gif

sure trust the government

Tamme57 — Sat, 9 May 2009 19:22:31 MDT

sure trust the government - Natives011.jpg

wolf family

nadadream — Mon, 11 May 2009 10:28:26 MDT

wolf family - woman-eagle-wolf.jpg

native american

mystic_moments — Mon, 11 May 2009 14:48:04 MDT

native american - indgroup.jpg

native american

Only After The Last Tree Is Gone

Tamme57 — Sat, 9 May 2009 19:22:30 MDT

Only After The Last Tree Is Gone - nativeamericancree1.jpg

Native American Prayer

Shilo_1 — Fri, 8 May 2009 18:56:18 MDT

Native American Prayer - NativeAmericaPrayer.jpg

Native American Warriors

-WhiteEagle- — Sat, 9 May 2009 14:36:19 MDT

Native American Warriors - NDNtribe.jpg

Native American Medicine Wheel

jillgiraffe — Sun, 10 May 2009 12:17:02 MDT

Native American Medicine Wheel - AmNativemedwheel.jpg

animals trees flowers illustrate the concentric circles of this medicine wheel with western hemisphere globe in center

Sacred Bear Butte Mountain

Tamme57 — Sat, 9 May 2009 19:17:48 MDT

Sacred Bear Butte Mountain - uploadephotobuckettamme5718.gif

in South Dakota they passed a bill to allow whites to build and profit off the sell of alcohol BEAR BUTTE is an important Indian spiritual ground Native Americans prayers have been on and around these grounds for decades upon decades THE DISRESPECT OF SOUTH DAKOTA IS APPAULING How can anyone put LIQUOR before SACRED RELIGION

Peace pipe

shadowdancer101 — Sun, 10 May 2009 19:21:57 MDT

Peace pipe - Old_Indian_Man_with_sacred_pipe.jpg

native american

gigi688688 — Mon, 11 May 2009 15:35:37 MDT

native american - 001-20.jpg

Prayer Rags are all around Devils Tower 52409

kenandhol — Mon, 25 May 2009 15:28:28 MDT

Prayer Rags are all around Devils Tower 52409 - balloonsmemorialdayweekend5-19-2-39.jpg

The Native American Indians use this spot as sacred grounds

Tatoosh

ramseyhall — Mon, 3 Aug 2009 08:32:00 MDT

Tatoosh - IMG_6181.jpg

This is the sacred island of the Makah native american tribe they used it when salmon fishing and whale hunting

Tall Urn

peyote1way — Mon, 11 May 2009 00:51:49 MDT

Tall Urn - IMG_6166.jpg

Blue Corn is sacred among native cultures as it is an essential part of the diet

Animals CAN Suffer

Tamme57 — Sat, 9 May 2009 19:16:41 MDT

Animals CAN Suffer - CANTHEYSUFFER.jpg

Sunset on the Tower

adamcfisher — Mon, 11 May 2009 15:10:17 MDT

Sunset on the Tower - 100_2378_1.jpg

its no surprise that this has been a sacred place native americans for millenia

The Indians Were Here First

Tamme57 — Sat, 9 May 2009 19:20:52 MDT

The Indians Were Here First - bartsimpson.jpg

camp fire vision Native American Indian

BJ_BOBBI_JO3 — Sun, 10 May 2009 15:07:27 MDT

camp fire vision Native American Indian - 1b3rk.gif

Sioux Peace Pipes

Tamme57 — Sat, 9 May 2009 19:22:32 MDT

Sioux Peace Pipes - -peace-pipe-2.jpg

ROOTS OF RACISM IN AMERICA

Tamme57 — Sat, 9 May 2009 19:22:52 MDT

ROOTS OF RACISM IN AMERICA - hallenge-1.jpg

Earth

ALICYA_02 — Sun, 10 May 2009 12:00:16 MDT

Earth - earth.jpg

Honor the sacred Honor the Earth our Mother Honor the Elders Honor all with whom we share the Earth Fourleggeds twoleggeds winged ones Swimmers crawlers plant and rock people Walk in balance and beauty Native American Elder

Claremont Thanksgiving

DonaldDouglas — Mon, 11 May 2009 11:51:41 MDT

Claremont Thanksgiving - 43581813.jpg

Monument Valleylt AZ

loghomeguy12 — Mon, 11 May 2009 11:01:32 MDT

Monument Valleylt AZ - Monuments.jpg

the left monuments are called the two mittens many westerns were filmed here in the mid 1900's it is a sacred place to the Native people

White Buffalo Calf Woman

wanblihota — Sun, 10 May 2009 09:47:11 MDT

White Buffalo Calf Woman - WhiteBuffaloCalfWoman.jpg

X medicine wheel

kachina2012 — Sun, 10 May 2009 10:04:33 MDT

X medicine wheel - MedicineWheel-1.gif

medicine

mystic_moments — Mon, 11 May 2009 15:54:52 MDT

medicine - indmetepe.jpg

Holy Cow Literally

serenityfound — Mon, 11 May 2009 00:37:14 MDT

Holy Cow Literally - PICT0139.jpg

Some native Indian cows the ones that are considered sacred and allowed to roam wherever they wish There is something of a sad irony to viewing them behind a fence Animal Kingdom 22308

staff

amy1980_photos — Mon, 11 May 2009 16:08:32 MDT

staff - DSC_0032.jpg

My staff Found on Ahousat native reservation and gifted to me by band elder during the winter of 1999 This type of driftwood is traditionally referred to as a deerhead and very sacred to the west coast aboriginals

Snapping Turtle Necklace

dhakala — Sun, 10 May 2009 16:57:07 MDT

Snapping Turtle Necklace - TurtleNecklace.jpg

From a Native American I found on eBay The snapping turtle is his sacred totem but his white inlaws eat them He makes jewelry from their bones to restore their honor

Blessings

bearwarrior — Mon, 11 May 2009 00:09:53 MDT

Blessings - Blessings.jpg

Blessings

Dream Catcher

Anni_060 — Sat, 22 Aug 2009 02:26:07 MDT

Dream Catcher - dreamcatcher-2.jpg

All Indians are Sioux on brown grass to Westar

catholicgauze — Fri, 8 May 2009 16:01:55 MDT

All Indians are Sioux on brown grass to Westar - IMG_1020.jpg

Indian Maiden and White Buffalo

tyger_eye_2001 — Sun, 10 May 2009 16:16:22 MDT

Indian Maiden and White Buffalo - WhiteBuffalo.jpg

Sign outside the Navajo Lutheran Mission in Rock Point AZ 72709

NavajoLutheranMission — Thu, 6 Aug 2009 20:38:05 MDT

Sign outside the Navajo Lutheran Mission in Rock Point AZ 72709 - NLMOutdoors7-27-0910.jpg

Sign outside the Navajo Lutheran Mission in Rock Point AZ 72709 Sign includes Navajo Four Sacred Mountains logo

Sign on outside wall at Navajo Lutheran Mission in Rock Point AZ 72709

NavajoLutheranMission — Thu, 6 Aug 2009 20:27:13 MDT

Sign on outside wall at Navajo Lutheran Mission in Rock Point AZ 72709 - NLMOutdoors7-27-099.jpg

Sign on outside wall includes the Four Sacred Mountains logo at Navajo Lutheran Mission in Rock Point AZ 72709

Adventure Girl Suggests Cousine Island

stefmichaels — Tue, 12 May 2009 03:00:23 MDT

Adventure Girl Suggests Cousine Island - Cousine-Island_Wildlife03.jpg

Adventure Girl Green Awards at Adventuregirlcom suggests Cousine IslandPraslin Seychelles

Warrior Wolf

paticumbia — Sun, 10 May 2009 23:33:31 MDT

Warrior Wolf - Indian_Wolf.jpg

Dec142007 Onset Movie Renegades 1989

jmedica — Sat, 3 Oct 2009 11:09:44 MDT

Dec142007 Onset Movie Renegades 1989 - d528.jpg

Renegades DVD Scene Chapter 10 Trust me 005741 010007Release June 2 1989 Total grosses Domestic 9015164 1627 theatersPicture me onset production Toronto Movie Renegades 1989 Left side picture Lou Diamond Phillips on the right of Lou Diamond Phillips Kiefer Sutherland on the Right Left Background Me on the Right of me friend met onset Filming Locations Philadelphia Pennsylvania Toronto Ontario CanadaLogline An undercover cop and a Native American Indian team up to recover a sacred spearCareer ended 2 years after movie hit big screen I'v met Kiefer Sutherland Lou Diamond Phillips Renegades 1989 Jerry O'Connor onset My secret identity 1988 Super Dave Osborne Super dave Osborne show name few

cherokee star

cherokee2004 — Sat, 9 May 2009 22:59:52 MDT

cherokee star - tattoo_star.jpg

wonder woman

NBerlatsky — Sat, 16 May 2009 16:41:29 MDT

wonder woman - steveloin.jpg

Washita River 1868

deer_012 — Sat, 9 May 2009 20:10:07 MDT

Washita River 1868 - IMG_01542.jpg

Sacred grove

melissayc — Sun, 10 May 2009 21:46:17 MDT

Sacred grove - 51ea.jpg

Kingman Turquoise Merkur 38C

auctiondesigntools — Thu, 14 May 2009 15:00:52 MDT

Kingman Turquoise Merkur 38C - 1077_500x500.jpg

This Merkur 38C razor features a handcrafted handle by Robert Quinn from Kingman Turquoise which is the one of the official birth stones for the month of December as adopted by the American National Association of Jewelers in 1912 The name turquoise is apparently related to the fact that it was brought to Europe from the Eastern Mediterranean by Levantine traders more commonly known as Turks It has been used as a valuable ornament for ages and was used by the Egyptians thousands of years ago For centuries the most valuable turquoise came from Iran Persia but today some specimens mined in the southwestern United States specifically turquoise from the famous Kingman mines compete with it The Aztecs mined turquoise in an area now known as New Mexico and a significant amount of turquoise comes from Arizona California and Nevada Turquoise attracts money success and love Its powers include protection healing courage friendship and luck It relaxes the mind and eases mental tension Turquoise is sacred to many Native American's and was carved in the shape of animals and birds These carvings were placed in the Indians tombs to attract beneficial spirits and to guard the dead Turquoise was also used by medicine men for healing and by warriors who fixed turquoise to the end of their bows to insure accurate shots

mother nature

janella_032 — Mon, 11 May 2009 14:12:05 MDT

mother nature - mother_nature_by_scarlett1313.jpg

Spirit Wolf 2

WanderOfLostPaths — Mon, 11 May 2009 11:18:51 MDT

Spirit Wolf 2 - Wolf.jpg

CrescentBowl87

AlecRawls — Sun, 10 May 2009 17:30:26 MDT

CrescentBowl87 - CrescentBowlRaw87.jpg

Gypsy Lady

cece1964 — Sat, 9 May 2009 12:52:35 MDT

Gypsy Lady - gypsy-1.jpg

Tattoos

stormyjames — Sun, 10 May 2009 19:44:31 MDT

Tattoos - Tattoos.jpg

tattoo lovers

zarita_92 — Wed, 3 Jun 2009 22:24:26 MDT

tattoo lovers - tattoo-1.jpg

Awakanacha Sacred Valley of the Incas

mdnmdn — Mon, 11 May 2009 08:42:24 MDT

Awakanacha Sacred Valley of the Incas - 2caee44f.jpg

Private initiative project associated with 14 communities of native people weaving ancestral process

Purple Sunset

axiemeluv — Sun, 10 May 2009 12:37:31 MDT

Purple Sunset - Purple-Wallpaper-purple-558780_800_.jpg

Diego de Landa

StacyJamesFry — Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:00 MDT

Diego de Landa - Flicker296.jpg

Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa After hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogation Scholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in iteditConsecrated as bishopLanda was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists

Mani Diego de Landa

StacyJamesFry — Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:00 MDT

Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker297.jpg

Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa Suppression of the MayaAfter hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationeditLandas JustificationsScholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists

Mani Diego de Landa

StacyJamesFry — Mon, 11 May 2009 17:04:00 MDT

Mani Diego de Landa - Flicker298.jpg

Diego de Landa Caldern 12 November 1524 1579 was Bishop of Yucatn He left future generations with a mixed legacy in his writings which contain much valuable information on preColumbian Maya civilization and his actions which destroyed much of that civilization's history literature and traditions He is a major figure in the socalled Black Legend Born in Cifuentes Guadalajara Spain he became a Franciscan monk in 1541 and was soon sent as one of the first Franciscans to the Yucatn Landa was in charge of bringing the Roman Catholic faith to the Maya peoples after the Spanish conquest of Yucatn He presided over a spiritual monopoly granted to the Catholic order of Franciscans by the Spanish crown and worked diligently to buttress the order's power while converting the indigenous Maya His initial appointment was to the mission of San Antonio in Izamal which served also as his primary residence while in YucatnHe is the author of the Relacin de las Cosas de Yucatn in which he catalogues the Maya language religion culture and writing system This manuscript was written around 1566 on his return to Spain however the original copies have long since been lost The account is known to us only as an abridgement which in turn had undergone several iterations by various copyists The extant version was produced around 1660 and was discovered by the nineteenth century French cleric Charles Etienne Brasseur de Bourbourg in 1862 Brasseur de Bourbourg published the manuscript two years later in a bilingual FrenchSpanish edition entitled Relation des choses de Yucatn de Diego de Landa Suppression of the MayaAfter hearing of Roman Catholic Maya who continued to practice idol worship he ordered an Inquisition in Mani ending with a ceremony called auto de fe During the ceremony on July 12 1562 a disputed number of Maya codices or books Landa admits to 27 other sources claim 99 times as many and approximately 5000 Maya cult images were burned The actions of Landa passed into the Black Legend of the Spanish in the AmericasOnly three PreColumbian books of Maya hieroglyphics also known as a codex and perhaps fragments of a fourth are known to have survived Collectively these works are known as the Maya codices Landa's Inquisition showered a level of physical abuse upon the indigenous Maya that many viewed as excessive and was at the very least unusual Scores of Maya nobles were jailed pending interrogation and large numbers of Maya nobles and commoners were subjected to examination under hoisting During hoisting a victim's hands were bound and looped over an extended line that was then raised until the victim's entire body was suspended in the air Often stone weights were added to the ankles or lashes applied to the back during interrogationSome contemporary observers were troubled by this widespread use of torture Crown fiat had earlier exempted indigenous peoples from the authority of the Inquisition on the grounds that their understanding of Christianity was too childish to be held culpable for heresies Additionally Landa dispensed with much of the extensive formal procedure and documentation that accompanied Spanish torture and interrogationeditLandas JustificationsScholars have argued Mexican inquisitions showed little concern to eradicate magic or convict individuals for heterodox beliefs1 and that witchcraft was treated more as a religious problem capable of being resolved through confession and absolution Diego de Landa however was monomaniacal in his fervor2 against it Landa believed a huge underground network of apostasies3 led by displaced indigenous priests were jealous of the power the Church enjoyed and sought to reclaim it for themselves These apostates Landa surmised had launched a counteroffensive against the Church and he believed it was his duty to expose the evil before it could revert the population to their old heathen waysLanda claims he had discovered evidence of human sacrifice and other idolatrous practices while rooting out native idolatry Although one of the alleged victims of said sacrifices Mani encomendero Dasbats was later found to be alive and Landas enemies contested his right to run an inquisition4 Landa insisted the Papal Bull Exponi nobis justified his actions5Lopez de Cogolludo Landas chief Franciscan biographer wrote of Landas first hand experiences with human sacrifices When Landa first came to the Yucatan he made it his mission to walk the breadth of the peninsula and preach to the most remote villages6 While passing through Cupules he came upon a group numbering 300 that was about to sacrifice a young boy Enraged Landa stormed through the crowd released the boy smashed the idols and began preaching with such zeal and sincerity that they begged him to remain in the land and teach them moreLanda was remarkable in that he was willing to go where no others would He entered lands only recently conquered where native resentment of Spaniards was still very intense Armed with nothing but the conviction to learn as much of native culture as he could so that it would be easier for him to destroy it the future7 Landa formulated an intimate contact with natives Natives placed him in such an esteemed position they were willing to show him some of their sacred writings that had been transcribed on deerskin books8 To Landa and the other Franciscan friars the very existence of these Mayan codices was proof of diabolical practices In references to these books Landa has saidWe found a large number of books in these characters and as they contained nothing in which were not to be seen as superstition and lies of the devil we burned them all which they the Maya regretted to an amazing degree and which caused them much affliction9Landas insistence of widespread cults throughout the Yucatan is backed by ample evidence Rituals the Spanish conquerors could not understand were labeled as idolatry superstition or even devil worship One such ritual involved clay idols that were used in a strange combination of Catholicism and indigenous religion10 During these ceremonies individuals would be crucified then have their hearts removed from their chest and their blood smeared onto the idols Such ceremonies were practiced throughout the Yucatan up to 45 years after the arrival of the SpaniardsLanda himself was never in doubt of the necessity of his inquisition Whether magic and idolatry were being practiced or not there can be little doubt Landa was possessed by fantasies of demonic power in a new land11 Landa like most Franciscans of the time subscribed to millenarian ideas12 which demanded the mass conversion of as many souls as possible before the turn of the century Eliminating evil and pagan practices Landa believed would usher the Second Coming of Christ that much soonerMany historians believe there can be little doubt old traditions would continue even during Spanish rule and because of the resilience of the old social order and the determination of its custodians to sustain the old ways some human killings persisted into the postconquest period13 While it was likely that Landa did coerce exaggerated confessions through the use of torture he believed so fully that human sacrifice was occurring around him that he was willing to murder a handful of sinners to save overall community14Landas Relacion De Las Cosas De Yucatan is about as complete a treatment of Mayan religion as we are likely to ever have15 While controversy surrounds Landas use of force in the conversion process few scholars would debate the general accuracy of his recordings Allen Wells calls his work an ethnographic masterpiece16 while William J Folan Laraine A Fletcher and Ellen R Kintz have written that Landas account of Maya social organization and towns before conquest is a gem17 Landas writings are our main contemporary source for Mayan history18 without which our collective knowledge of Mayan ethnology would be devastatingly small19 While Landa might have exaggerated some claims to justify his actions to his accusers his intimate contact with natives and all around accuracy in other fields heavily implies his version of events has at least some truth in it Landa was sent back to Spain by Bishop Toral to stand trial for conducting an illegal Inquisition His actions were strongly condemned before the Council of the Indies This resulted in a committee of doctors being commissioned to investigate Landa's alleged crimes In 1569 the committee absolved Landa of his crimes Bishop Toral died in Mexico in 1571 allowing King Phillip II of Spain to appoint Landa as the fourth appointed bishop of Yucatn Landa's Relacin also created a valuable record of the Mayan writing system which despite its inaccuracies was later to prove instrumental in the later decipherment of the writing system Landa asked his informants his primary sources were two Maya individuals descended from a ruling Maya dynasty literate in the script to write down the glyphic symbols corresponding to each of the letters of the Spanish alphabet in the belief that there ought to be a onetoone correspondence between them The results were faithfully reproduced by Landa in his later account although he recognised that the set contained apparent inconsistencies and duplicates which he was unable to explain Later researchers reviewing this material also formed the view that the de Landa alphabet was inaccurate or fanciful and many subsequent attempts to use this transcription remained unconvincing It was not until much later in the midtwentieth century when it was realised and then confirmed that it was not a transcription of an alphabet as Landa and others had originally supposed but was rather a syllabary Confirmation of this was only to be established by the work of Russian linguist Yuri Knorozov in the 1950s and the succeeding generation of Mayanists